Everyone who is in any way involved with a disaster or traumatic event may experience trauma reactions. You might experience these reactions if you:

• Were a witness or were involved in the event.
• Arrived upon the scene of the event.
• Had a “near miss” or were almost involved in the event.
• Knew or know others who were killed, harmed, or involved in some way.
• Have a relationship with family or friends of victims.
• Have heard a lot about the event through media or friends.

• Are reminded of other traumatic incidents in your life by this event.

  Trauma reactions are normal reactions to extremely abnormal circumstances. It is difficult to predict what type of trauma reactions you will experience following a disastrous event. It is important to allow yourself permission to have your reactions, and take care of them both by yourself and by asking for help from others, as best you can. Many people find it helpful to have information about what constitutes a typical reaction to trauma. 

Typical Reactions to Trauma 

Not everyone experiences the same set of responses to trauma, but people typically experience reactions that fall into four basic categories. Here are some reactions that you may be experiencing. 

Psychological and Emotional 

• Heightened anxiety or fear
• Irritability, restlessness, or over-excitability
• Feelings of sadness, moodiness, more crying than usual
• Feelings of helplessness or hopelessness
• Feelings of numbness or detachment
• “Survivor guilt,” or feelings of self-blame that you escaped the tragedy
• Re-experiencing of the traumatic event, possibly including:
  • Intrusive thoughts or images of the event
  • Distressing dreams or nightmares
  • Flashbacks about the event
  • Distress when exposed to events that remind you of the trauma
• Feelings of estrangement or isolation from others
• Hypervigilance (feelings especially attuned to events around you, scanning environment for possible danger)

Cognitive 

• Difficulty concentrating
• Feeling confused or distracted, slower thought than normal

Physical 

• Headaches
• Nausea or upset stomach
• Exaggerated startle response (tendency to startle easily at loud noises)
• Fatigue or feelings slowed down
• Insomnia

Behavioral 

• Hyperactivity, or less activity
• Heightened tendency to behave irritably
• Withdrawal, social isolation
• Avoidance of activities or places that remind you of traumatic event
• Strong need to talk about the event, read accounts about the event

You may recognize yourself as experiencing some of the above reactions. Remember that your response is normal. Immediately following a traumatic event you will probably feel disrupted, dazed, and somewhat confused. You will notice that you are not behaving as you typically would. It is important to take care of yourself as best you can. Here are some self-care suggestions for you. 

Self Care 

Keep reminding yourself that your responses are normal responses to a stressful situation. Give yourself permission to do whatever you need to do to take care of yourself. Your body and mind will tell you what you need to do–your job is to listen to them.

Get plenty of rest when you’re tired, and use the energy you have if you experience hyperactivity at times. Don’t force yourself to be active if you don’t have the energy. Rest when you feel tired.

Talk of people as much as you need to. Reach out. You may experience a need to talk repetitively about the trauma. If you can find someone who is willing to listen, use her/him to talk to about how you are feeling. If you do not have anyone in your support network to use, consider calling a crisis line, going to a crisis center, or using other campus or community resources–they are there to help you. 

Spend time with others, even if you don’t feel like talking. It can be very comforting to know you’re not alone. Try to find someone or someplace that feels safe and comforting to you, and spend time there.

Don’t make any major life decisions or big life changes if at all possible. This is not a time to put pressure on yourself to do anything out of the ordinary. Concentrate on taking of yourself.

Do things that feel good to you – take baths, read, exercise, watch television, spend time with friends and family, fix yourself a special treat, or whatever else feels nurturing and self-caring.

Allow yourself to cry, rage, and express your feelings when you need to. Try not to numb your feelings with alcohol or drugs. This will only complicate your situation.

The Process of Recovery

It is important to know that recovering from a trauma is a process that may take a long time. The initial response of disruption (perhaps alternating with numbness) may last days, weeks, or longer. Don’t be surprised if you continue to experience these reactions for longer than you expected. It is impossible to predict how long you will experience effects of the trauma, but usually trauma reactions gradually decrease over time. If you experience another stressful event while recovering from this trauma, you may find that your trauma reactions reappear for awhile. This reactivation, or delayed trauma response, is perfectly normal.

At any time during this process, you may find it useful to ask for professional help from a counselor or mental health professional. There are some circumstances under which you should definitely get professional help: 

• If you find yourself feeling suicidal or contemplating suicide
• If you find that your daily functioning continues to be so impaired that you cannot carry out your life tasks
• If post-trauma fears interfere with your ability to return to certain places or situations that remind you of the trauma&

Developed by Cheryl McNeilly, Ph.D., 1991 for the University Counseling Service at The University of Iowa, 3223 Westlawn S, 52242-1100, 319-335-7294